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Title:	Ekologi komuniti artropod pereput bangkai di habitat hutan hujan tropika Malaysia serta potensi pengaplikasiannya dalam entomologi forensik
Authors:	Azwandi Ahmad (P48894)
Supervisor:	Baharudin Omar, Prof. Dr.
Keywords:	Artropod pereput bangkai Entomologi forensik Bartonella Infection - Malaysia
Issue Date:	3-Apr-2014
Description:	Mayat manusia atau bangkai haiwan adalah habitat mikro sementara dan sumber makanan kepada satu komuniti artropod yang kompleks. Pengetahuan tentang ekologi komuniti artropod bangkai di Malaysia masih di peringkat bertatih dan belum difahami dengan mendalam, justeru penggunaannya dalam entomologi forensik masih di peringkat awal. Dalam entomologi forensik, bangkai haiwan digunakan sebagai model gantian mayat manusia dan maklumat kajian yang diperolehi digunakan sebagai sumber rujukan dalam penyiasatan forensik. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menyiasat ekologi komuniti artropod pada bangkai haiwan berlainan spesies iaitu tikus (Rattus norvegicus), arnab (Oryctolagous cuniculus) dan kera (Macaca fascicularis). Aspek ekologi yang dikaji ialah indeks kepelbagaian spesies, komposisi spesies, struktur komuniti, jaringan pemakanan dan peranan semut dalam pereputan bangkai. Faktor yang mempengaruhi suhu kelompok larva lalat nekrofagus iaitu suhu udara persekitaran, suhu tanah, kelembapan udara, curah hujan dan spesies lalat juga disiasat. Kajian pra-eksperimen telah dilakukan menggunakan bangkai tikus dan arnab untuk mendapatkan gambaran spesies artropod yang mendiami kawasan kajian. Kajian sebenar melibatkan 4 replikasi eksperimen iaitu 12 haiwan di replikasi eksperimen pertama dan 8 haiwan pada tiga replikasi berikutnya. Artropod ditangkap dengan menggunakan jaring kibas, forsep dan perangkap jatuhan. Terdapat perbezaan yang bererti dalam nilai kekayaan spesies (p<0.05), namun tiada perbezaan bererti dalam nilai Kesamarataan Pielou (p=0.895), Indeks Shannon Weiner (p=0.875) dan Indeks Kedominanan Simpson (p=0.629) di antara empat replikasi eksperimen. Tiada perbezaan yang bererti juga ditunjukkan bagi nilai Kesamarataan Pielou (p=0.058), Indeks Shannon Weiner (p=0.685) dan Indeks Kedominanan Simpson (p=0.774) bagi jenis bangkai yang berlainan. Walau bagaimanapun, analisis nilai kesamaan komuniti menggunakan dendrogram kluster jarak Euclidean menunjukkan kelimpahan artropod dipengaruhi oleh jenis bangkai. Analisis PerMANOVA menunjukkan struktur komuniti artropod dipengaruhi oleh jenis bangkai (p<0.05) dan peringkat pereputan (p<0.05). Peratus kehilangan berat adalah berbeza secara signifikan bagi jenis bangkai yang mana kehilangan berat bangkai kera lebih tinggi daripada tikus dan arnab (p<0.05). Semut Pheidole didapati berada pada tempoh yang lebih lama di bangkai berbanding artropod lain di semua jenis bangkai. Suhu kelompok larva lalat Chrysomya rufifacies dan Chrysomya megacephala berkorelasi lemah dan tidak signifikan dengan suhu udara persekitaran, curah hujan, suhu tanah dan suhu permukaan tanah tetapi berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan kelembapan udara persekitaran (Ch. rufifacies: r=0.187, p<0.05; Ch. megacephala: r=0.395, p<0.05). Suhu kelompok larva berkorelasi sederhana secara signifikan dengan suhu rektum bangkai (r=0.613, p<0.05), suhu bawah bangkai (r=0.549, p<0.05) dan suhu permukaan bangkai (r=0.509, p<0.05). Suhu permukaan kelompok larva merupakan peramal yang kuat bagi suhu dalaman kelompok larva Ch. rufifacies (R2=0.746, p<0.05) dan Ch. megacephala (R2=0.395, p<0.05). Kesimpulannya, kewujudan keseragaman kepelbagaian artropod pada bangkai yang berbeza memperlihatkan pilihan model haiwan yang luas yang boleh digunakan bagi tujuan inventori spesies berkepentingan forensik. Walau bagaimanapun, sekiranya dilihat berdasarkan struktur komuniti (perbezaan kelimpahan dan kerumitan ekologi) dan perubahan fizikal pereputan, bangkai kera adalah model yang lebih baik bagi kajian ini.,A cadaver or an animal carrion is a temporary microhabitat and food source for a complex community of arthropods. Ecological community knowledge of carrion arthropods in Malaysia is still in its infancy, hence its use in forensic entomology is scanty. In forensic entomology, a carrion is used as a surrogate for understanding human cadaver decomposition, and the information obtained have been used as baseline data in forensic investigations. The main objective of the study is to investigate the community ecology of arthropods on different species of carrions: rats (Rattus norvegicus), rabbits (Oryctolagous cuniculus) and monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Ecological determinants investigated are arthropod species diversity indices, species compositions, community structures, food web and role of ants in carrion decomposition. Factors influencing necrophagous larval mass temperature such as ambient temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and larval mass species were also examined. Pre-experimental study was conducted using rat and rabbit carcasses to determine indicative arthropods species residing in the study location. The actual study involved 4 replicates, utilizing 12 animals in the first replicate and 8 animals each for the subsequent three replicates. Arthropods were captured using sweep nets, forceps, and pitfall traps. There were a significant difference in the species richness (p<0.05), but no significant differences in the values of Pielou Evenness (p=0.895), Shannon Weiner Index (p=0.875) and Simpson Dominance Index (p=0.629) between the four experimental replications. No significant difference were also shown for Pielou Evenness (p=0.058), Shannon Weiner Index (p=0.685) and Simpson Dominance Index (p=0.774) for different types of carcasses. However, analysis of community similarity using cluster dendrogram of Euclidean distance revealed species abundance were influenced by types of carrions. PerMANOVA analysis indicated arthropod community structures were affected by carcass types (p<0.05) and decomposition stages (p<0.05). Percentage weight loss were significantly different between carcass types whereby that of monkeys were higher than rats and rabbits (p<0.05). Pheidole ants were found occupying the carcasses at longer duration regardless of carrion species. Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya megacephala larval mass temperature were non-significant and weakly correlated with ambient air temperature, rainfall, soil temperature and soil surface temperature but correlated significantly with ambient relative humidity (Ch. rufifacies: r=0.187, p<0.05; Ch. megacephala: r=0.395, p<0.05). Larval mass temperatures were moderate and significantly correlated with carrion rectum temperature (r=0.613, p<0.05), ground-carcass temperature (r=0.549, p<0.05) and carcass body surface temperature (r=0.509, p<0.05). Larval mass surface temperature is a strong predictor for internal mass temperature of Ch. rufifacies (R2=0.746, p<0.05) and Ch. megacephala (R2=0.395, p<0.05). In conclusion, there are similarities in arthropod diversity frequenting the different carrion types reflecting a flexibility for choice of animal models for forensic insect inventory. However, the community structure (variability of abundance and complexity of ecology) and decomposition physical changes showed that monkey is a better model for this study.,PhD
Pages:	494
Call Number:	WC640.A998e 2014 9 tesis
Publisher:	UKM, Kuala Lumpur
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Health Sciences / Fakulti Sains Kesihatan

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