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Title:	Perception of HIV-related stigma and its associated factors among people living with HIV in Khartoum, Sudan
Authors:	Yassin Ibrahim Mohammed Ibrahim (P56940)
Supervisor:	Rosnah Binti Sutan, Associate Prof. Dr.
Keywords:	Perception of HIV Public health
Issue Date:	20-May-2014
Description:	Stigma yang berkaitan dengan HIV/AIDS kini dianggap sebagai salah satu penyebab penting kepada penularan, kawalan dan pencegahan HIV. Ia bukan sahaja memberi kesan negatif terhadap kualiti hidup seseorang yang hidup dengan HIV tetapi juga turut mempengaruhi beberapa peluang kehidupan yang lain seperti pekerjaan, pendidikan dan pengembaraan. Dalam pada itu, ia juga turut memberi kesan kepada akses kepada perkhidmatan kesihatan awam termasuk rawatan HIV/AIDS. Meskipun begitu, ia masih kurang diberikan perhatian. Kedua-dua data prevalens dan magnitudnya masih samar-samar, malah faktor-faktor yang bersangkutan dengannya juga masih kurang dikaji lebih-lebih lagi di negara membangun seperti Sudan atas kekangan sumber dan kedinamikan struktur, budaya, sikap dan kepercayaan penduduknya termasuk juga masalah kekurangan para penyelidik yang berwibawa. Satu kajian keratan rentas secara kuantitatif menggunakan kaedah persampelan sistematik berturut-turut telah dijalankan ke atas sekumpulan orang dewasa yang hidup dengan HIV di pusat HIV/AIDS di Khartoum, Sudan bagi menilai persepsi mereka terhadap stigma HIV serta faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengannya. Pengukuran Persepsi stigma berkaitan HIV telah dinilai menggunakan Berger HIV Stigma Scale. Kajian kuantitatif telah disokong dengan temuramah mendalam secara kualitatif bagi mendapatkan maklumat lanjut dan menyokong hasil yang diperolehi. Daripada sejumlah 884 sampel, kadar respons adalah 96.38%. Lelaki dan wanita diwakili sama dalam sampel. Majoriti responden (86.07%) datang ke Khartoum dari negeri lain selepas diuji positif. Julat umur adalah 18 - 43 dengan min 32.67± s.p.8.03. Majoriti responden (90.67%) adalah beragama Islam, 79.83% menganggur, 30.66% tanpa apa-apa pendidikan formal dan 1.89% berkahwin. Secara keseluruhan prevalens persepsi stigma berkaitan HIV adalah tinggi iaitu 77.0%. Dengan menggunakan analisis berganda regresi logistik bagi meramal, keputusan menunjukkan responden wanita (aOR = 4.56 (95%CI: 1.51-13.83), P = 0.007), persepsi transmisi jangkitan dengan melakukan hubungan seks antara lelaki dan wanita (aOR = 8.51 (95%CI: 2.48-29.19), P = 0.001) dan mereka yang mempunyai tanda-tanda HIV (aOR = 4.08 (95%CI: 1.40-11.88), P = 0.010) lebih cenderung untuk dikaitkan dengan persepsi stigma terhadap HIV. Manakala responden yang berpendidikan universiti dan ke atas (aOR = 0.20 (95%CI: 0.05-0.92), P = 0.038), mempunyai anak (aOR = 0.28 (95%CI: 0.09-0.85), P = 0.025), pernah menghadiri sekurang-kurangnya satu sesi pendidikan kesihatan mengenai HIV/AIDS (aOR = 0.20 (95%CI: 0.07-0.56), P = 0.002), mempunyai akses kepada hospital apabila sakit (aOR = 0.18 (95%CI: 0.05-0.65), P = 0.009), dan mempunyai paras sokongan sosial yang tinggi (aOR = 0.50 (95%CI: 0.38-0.67), P <0.001) adalah kurang cenderung untuk dikaitkan dengan stigma berkaitan HIV. Prevalen stigma terhadap HIV yang tinggi dalam kajian ini jelas menunjukkan peranan beberapa faktor pembolehuban yang mampu memperbaiki persepsi stigma terhadap HIV. Justeru intervensi terhadap mengurangkan faktor risiko dan protektif ini harus diberikan perhatian sebagai langkah berkesan untuk mengawal permasalahan stigma dan juga permasalahan HIV secara keseluruhan.,The stigma associated with HIV/AIDS is currently considered as one of the most important determinants of HIV transmission, control, and prevention. It is not only causing a negative impact on the quality of life, but also affecting other life chances such as work, education, and traveling. In addition, it also affects access to general health services including HIV/AIDS medication. Despite all of its importance, it is still not well addressed. Its prevalence and magnitude is underestimated, whereas its associated factors are less well studied in many developing countries including Sudan due to lack of resources and the dynamic of population structure, cultures, attitudes and beliefs, as well as the lack of expert researchers. A quantitative cross-sectional study using consecutive systematic sampling was conducted among those who were living with HIV in HIV/AIDS centre in Khartoum, Sudan to assess the perception of HIV-related stigma and its associated factors. HIV-related stigma was assessed using Berger HIV Stigma Scale. The quantitative study was supported with an explanatory qualitative in-depth interview to further elaborate and complement its findings. From a total sample of 884 the response rate was 96.38%. Males and females were represented equally in the sample. The majority of respondents (86.07%) moved to Khartoum from other state after being tested positive. Age ranges from 18 - 43 years with the mean age of 32.67 ± s.d. 8.03. Majority (90.67%) were Muslims, 79.83% unemployed, 30.66% without any formal education and 1.89% married. The prevalence of HIV-related stigma was high (77.00%). By using multivariable logistic regression analysis to predict factors associated with HIV-related stigma, it was found that female respondents (aOR = 4.56 (95%CI: 1.51-13.83), P = 0.007), those who perceived that they were infected through sex between man and woman (aOR = 8.51 (95%CI: 2.48-29.19), P = 0.001) and those who have HIV symptoms (aOR = 4.08 (95%CI: 1.40-11.88), P = 0.010) are more likely to be associated with HIV-related stigma. Whereas respondents with university education and above (aOR = 0.20 (95%CI: 0.05-0.92), P = 0.038), those who are having children (aOR = 0.28 (95%CI: 0.09-0.85), P =0.025), those who attended at least one session on health education on HIV/AIDS (aOR = 0.20 (95%CI: 0.07-0.56), P = 0.002), those who are able to access to hospitals when they feel sick (aOR = 0.18 (95%CI: 0.05-0.65), P = 0.009) and those with high level of social support (aOR = 0.50 (95%CI: 0.38-0.67), P <0.001) are less likely to be associated with HIV-related stigma. In addition to the high prevalence of HIV-related stigma this study has clearly revealed the role of several modifiable factors in solving the stigma among the respondents. Thus, interventions based on these modifiable risk and protective factors should be given a priority as the best way to control stigma issues and HIV problems as a whole.,PhD
Pages:	260
Call Number:	tesis WA20.5.I12p 2014 9HUKM
Publisher:	UKM, Kuala Lumpur
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Medicine / Fakulti Perubatan

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