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Title:	Assessment of petroleum hydrocarbons toxicity and heavy metals pollution in freshwater fish of commercial importance
Authors:	Alla Nargis Hassan Widat (P38202)
Supervisor:	Mushrifah Idris,Prof. Dato�� Dr.
Keywords:	Water- Pollution -Toxicology.
Issue Date:	5-May-2015
Description:	Fish is often subjected to toxic pollutants that can be acutely toxic in relatively small amounts; therefore its consumption provides greatest potential risk to human health. The scope of this research is to predict the acute lethal concentrations of crude oil and unleaded gasoline and to assess heavy metals pollution to three freshwater fish species in the laboratory. The primary objectives of the research are to determine the level of petroleum hydrocarbons extracted from unleaded gasoline and crude oil in the form of Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) and Oil in Water fraction (O/W) and their toxic effects to three fish species under batch condition in the laboratory. The heavy metals concentration extracted from crude oil, unleaded gasoline, water in tanks and fish species are determined. Model the toxicity of hydrocarbons and heavy metals to fish and risk to fish exposure to those oil fractions were assessed. Three fish species namely juvenile Oreochromis sp. (Tilapia), juvenile Poecilia reticulata (guppy) and juvenile Danio rerio (Zebrafish) are used as test organisms. Water qualities of the aquarium are recorded against toxicants. Tests on 96hLC50 were conducted after the preliminary range finding tests are performed. Fish species are exposed to five different concentrations of the toxicant with each concentration contains three replicates and 10 fish in addition to a control. 96hLC50 is predicted using EPA Probit Analysis program. Petroleum hydrocarbons from the water and fish samples are collected, extracted and analyzed by GC/MS. The results of fish mortalities are modelled using XLSTAT software. The study showed that during acclimatization for all tests the pH ranged between 6-9, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) showed a mean of 4mg/L and temperature is 25±20C. Batch fish mortalities showed less than 10%. Probit analysis results of 96 hour median lethal concentration (96hLC50) of gasoline (O/W) fraction, gasoline (WAF) fraction, crude (O/W) and crude (WAF) are 0.59%, 9.11%, 6.07%, 27.18% respectively for juvenile tilapia; 1.52%, 19.17%, 9.69% and 60.36% for juvenile guppy and 2.08%, 22.15%, 20.10% and 51.61% for juvenile zebrafish respectively. The means of 96hLC50 are 1.78%, 16.81%, 11.95% and 46.38% for the four fractions respectively. These results imply that oil in water fraction of unleaded gasoline and crude oil is more toxic than WAF of unleaded gasoline and crude oil. Oreochromis sp. was more sensitive when exposed to the two fractions of unleaded gasoline and crude oil compared to the other two species. Juvenile Danio rerio was more sensitive when exposed to crude water accommodated fraction than Poecilia reticulata. Toxicity of oil in water (O/W) fraction of unleaded gasoline and crude oil to the three fish species is higher than the toxicity of (WAF) of unleaded gasoline and crude oil. Toxicity of unleaded gasoline fractions is greater than the toxicity of crude oil fraction. ANOVA results for mortality between concentrations of the three fish exposed to different concentrations of all fraction of oil are significant (p<0.05) at 95% confident limits. The sensitivity of the three fish species is slightly different between each other, but they are all sensitive to gasoline and crude oil fractions. Seven heavy metals concentrations were studied for freshwater and fish samples namely Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Ni, Cr and Pb. ANOVA was calculated and there was no significance difference between concentrations in three different sampling periods (p>0.05). Results from analysis of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for water and fish samples of gasoline and crude oil fractions showed that only six dominant have been identified, namely naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorine, acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Results using software @risk simulation showed that (O/W) and (WAF) fractions of both the unleaded gasoline and crude oil to three fish species showed the possibility that 95th percentile of the fishes will be affected at concentration of 7.28%, 7.29%, of unleaded gasoline and 7.27% and 7.29 of crude oil. It can be concluded that both (O/W) and (WAF) fractions had toxic effects on the three fish species and related mortality rate increased with the increase in concentration over time.,Ph.D
Pages:	418
Call Number:	QH545.W3 A445 2015
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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