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Title:	The potential of chemically modified oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers as adsorbent for wastewater treatment
Authors:	Mohd Shaiful Sajab (P64844)
Supervisor:	Sarani Zakaria, Prof. Dr.
Keywords:	Oil palm Waste water Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia -- Dissertations Dissertations, Academic -- Malaysia
Issue Date:	12-Jan-2014
Description:	Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers were employed to remove organic dyes, heavy metal ions and organic components in bleaching effluents of pulp and paper mill by adsorption processes. The EFB fibers were chemically modified with citric acid (CA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) to produce cationic EFB CA-EFB and anionic PEI-EFB, respectively. The adsorption performances of the modified EFB fibers were studied in terms of removing dyes (methylene blue (MB) and phenol red (PR)) and heavy metal ions (copper, nickel, molybdenum and arsenic) from aqueous solution. The adsorption experiments were conducted at different pHs, temperatures and initial adsorbate concentrations. The experimental data on batch adsorption were fitted on kinetics and isotherm models to understand the mechanisms involved during the adsorption process. The kinetics models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion) provided the adsorption rate behavior of the adsorbate molecules to the adsorbents. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to fit on the adsorption experiment data suggested that the adsorption of MB onto the CA-EFB fibers involved monolayer formation of adsorbates, while adsorption of PR onto PEI-EFB exhibited heterogeneous adsorption behavior. Continuous adsorption using a fixed-bed column systems were also conducted for the adsorption of MB and PR onto the CA-EFB and PEI EFB fibers. This is to study the feasibility of the adsorbents to be used in industrial practices. The continuous adsorption experiments were performed at different parameters, including flow rates, initial dye concentration and bed height. The adsorption performance of the adsorbents were calculated by Thomas and Clark models, which is complement from batch isotherm models and comparable with continuous adsorption performance. The service time of each adsorbent fixed-bed was estimated by fitting with the bed depth service time (BDST) model. The regeneration of the adsorbents by adsorption/desorption processes shows the EFB fibers can be regenerated up to seven cycles while still providing at least as 70 % of the initial adsorption capacity. The PEI-EFB was also used for the treatment of pulp and paper mill bleaching effluents for decolorization and the reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The promising reduction in color and organic components of the effluent is probably due to the removal of lignin and tannin derivatives. This study suggested that, with different chemical modification, the oil palm EFB fibers can be potentially used as adsorbent for the removal of different types of adsorbates from aqueous solution.,Gentian tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) telah digunakan untuk menyingkirkan pewarna organik, ion logam berat dan komponen organik dalam air buangan kilang pulpa dan kertas melalui proses penjerapan. Gentian TKKS telah diubah suai secara kimia dengan asid sitrik (AS) dan polietilenimina (PEI) bagi menghasilkan AS-TKKS kationik dan PEI-TKKS anionik, masing-masing. Keupayaan penjerapan gentian TKKS terubah suai telah dikaji dari segi penyingkiran pewarna (metilena biru (MB) dan fenol merah (FM)), ion logam berat (kuprum, nikel, molibdenum dan arsenik) di dalam larutan akueus. Ujikaji penjerapan telah dilakukan pada pH, suhu dan kepekatan awal bahan terjerap yang berbeza. Data eksperimen bagi penjerapan secara kelompok telah digunakan untuk menyesuaikan dengan model-model kinetik dan isoterma untuk memahami mekanisma yang terlibat semasa proses penjerapan. Model-model kinetik (pseudo-tertib pertama, pseudo-tertib kedua dan resapan intrazarah) telah memberikan kadar penjerapan dan kelakuan molekul bahan terjerap ke dalam bahan penjerap. Model-model isoterma Langmuir dan Freundlich telah digunakan untuk menyesuaikan data ujikaji dan ia mencadangkan bahawa penjerapan MB ke atas gentian AS-TKKS melibatkan pembentukan lapis mono bahan terjerap, manakala penjerapan FM ke atas gentian PEI-TKKS mempamerkan penjerapan multi lapisan. Penjerapan berterusan dengan turus padatan-tetap juga telah digunakan untuk penjerapan MB dan FM ke atas gentian AS-TKKS dan PEI-TKKS. Ini dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti keboleh gunaan bahan penyerap ini dalam skala industry yang lebih praktikal. Ujikaji penjerapan berterusan telah dijalankan pada parameter berbeza, termasuk kadar aliran, kepekatan awal dan ketinggian padatan. Keupayaan penjerapan bagi bahan penjerap telah dikira dengan model Thomas dan Clark, yang melengkapi dari model-model isoterma kelompok dan berpadanan dengan keupayaan penjerapan berterusan. Masa perkhidmatan bagi setiap bahan penjerap padatan-tetap boleh dijangka dengan menyesuaikan data ujikaji dengan model masa perkhidmatan padatan kedalaman (MPPK). Penjaanan semula bahan penjerap dengan proses penjerapan/nyahjerapan menunjukkan bahawa gentian TKKS boleh terjana semula sehingga tujuh kitaran dan masih memberikan sekurang-kurangnya 70% daripada keupayaan penjerapan awal. Gentian PEI-TKKS juga telah digunakan untuk rawatan air buangan pelunturan kilang pulpa dan kertas untuk penyahwarnaan dan pengurangan jumlah karbon organik (JKO) dan permintaan oksigen biokimia (POB). Keupayaan pengurangan warna dan komponen organik berkemungkinan disebabkan oleh penyingkiran terbitan lignin dan tanin. Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa dengan pengubah suaian secara kimia yang berbeza, gentian TKSK adalah berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan penjerap untuk penyingkiran beberapa jenis bahan terjerap dalam larutan akues.,Ph.D.,Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers were employed to remove organic dyes, heavy metal ions and organic components in bleaching effluents of pulp and paper mill by adsorption processes. The EFB fibers were chemically modified with citric acid (CA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) to produce cationic EFB CA-EFB and anionic PEI-EFB, respectively. The adsorption performances of the modified EFB fibers were studied in terms of removing dyes (methylene blue (MB) and phenol red (PR)) and heavy metal ions (copper, nickel, molybdenum and arsenic) from aqueous solution. The adsorption experiments were conducted at different pHs, temperatures and initial adsorbate concentrations. The experimental data on batch adsorption were fitted on kinetics and isotherm models to understand the mechanisms involved during the adsorption process. The kinetics models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion) provided the adsorption rate behavior of the adsorbate molecules to the adsorbents. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to fit on the adsorption experiment data suggested that the adsorption of MB onto the CA-EFB fibers involved monolayer formation of adsorbates, while adsorption of PR onto PEI-EFB exhibited heterogeneous adsorption behavior. Continuous adsorption using a fixed-bed column systems were also conducted for the adsorption of MB and PR onto the CA-EFB and PEI EFB fibers. This is to study the feasibility of the adsorbents to be used in industrial practices. The continuous adsorption experiments were performed at different parameters, including flow rates, initial dye concentration and bed height. The adsorption performance of the adsorbents were calculated by Thomas and Clark models, which is complement from batch isotherm models and comparable with continuous adsorption performance. The service time of each adsorbent fixed-bed was estimated by fitting with the bed depth service time (BDST) model. The regeneration of the adsorbents by adsorption/desorption processes shows the EFB fibers can be regenerated up to seven cycles while still providing at least as 70 % of the initial adsorption capacity. The PEI-EFB was also used for the treatment of pulp and paper mill bleaching effluents for decolorization and the reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The promising reduction in color and organic components of the effluent is probably due to the removal of lignin and tannin derivatives. This study suggested that, with different chemical modification, the oil palm EFB fibers can be potentially used as adsorbent for the removal of different types of adsorbates from aqueous solution
Pages:	129
Call Number:	QD415.M693 2014 tesis
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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