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Title:	Sistematik, biologi dan ekologi chironomidae di Hulu Langat, Sungai Langat, Selangor
Authors:	Zalela Abd. Aziz (P54246)
Supervisor:	Ahmad bin Abas Kutty, Prof. Madya Dr.
Keywords:	Biologi dan ekologi Chironomidae Chironomidae - Ecology - Sungai Langat Selangor
Issue Date:	28-Feb-2014
Description:	Chironomidae merupakan famili daripada order Diptera yang dilaporkan mempunyai sebaran dan komposisi yang tinggi pada ekosistem akuatik di seluruh dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, maklumat biogeografi famili ini adalah sangat terhad di Asia. Oleh itu, kajian terhadap famili ini sangat penting bagi menghasilkan satu data asas kepelbagaian dan sebaran. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk melihat kepelbagaian, sebaran dan komposisi Chironomidae di hulu Sungai Langat (sungai utama) dan empat anak Sungai Langat di kawasan tadahan. Sejumlah 38 unit sampel telah diambil untuk tujuan pengecaman Chironomidae. Sampel larva Chironomidae telah dicamkan sehingga aras taksonomi yang terendah manakala, penilaian kualiti air dilakukan melalui pengukuran secara in situ dan pengiraan indeks kualiti air (WQI). Semua kaedah analisis dilakukan menurut kaedah piawai APHA dan manual HACH. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kesemua sungai kajian mempunyai kualiti air yang baik. Nilai WQI yang diperoleh berada dalam julat di antara 91.72-98.42 yang mengelaskan sungai kajian dalam kelas I iaitu bersih dan bebas daripada tekanan pencemaran. Nilai subindeks WQI menunjukkan hanya parameter ammonia nitrogen yang mengelaskan sungai kajian pada kategori sedikit tercemar iaitu pada stesen di Sg. Langat 1. Walau bagaimanapun, berdasarkan kepada piawaian NWQS, kepekatan ammonia nitrogen mengelaskan stesen tersebut ke dalam kelas IIA dan nilai WQI yang diperoleh juga menghampiri kelas I. Ujian ANOVA satu hala menunjukkan kesemua parameter kualiti air sungai kajian tidak berbeza dengan bermakna di antara stesen-stesen dan sungai-sungai kajian (p> 0.05, α= 0.05). Secara keseluruhan, semua sungai kajian dapat dikategorikan sebagai bersih dan bebas daripada pencemaran. Larva Chironomidae mempunyai corak komposisi dan sebaran yang pelbagai di antara sungai kajian. Sebanyak tiga subfamili daripada famili Chironomidae telah berjaya dicamkan yang terdiri daripada Chironominae, Orthocladiinae dan Tanypodinae dengan masing-masing mempunyai komposisi 65%, 25% dan 10% daripada jumlah individu. Chironominae pula didapati terdiri daripada 2 tribe iaitu Chironomini dan Tanytarsini. Chironominae didominasi oleh genus Polypedilum, Microtendipes dan Cryptochironomus iaitu daripada tribe Chironomini. Genus Polypedilum menunjukkan pendominasian yang jelas dengan menyumbangkan 39% daripada jumlah individu dan boleh ditemui pada semua stesen kajian, manakala Cryptochironomus dan Microtendipes hanya menyumbang 6%. Subfamili Orthocladiinae pula didominasi oleh dua genus iaitu Rheocricotopus dan Cricotopus dengan 67% dan 20% daripada jumlah individu Orthocladiinae. Hasil analisis reruang menunjukkan stesen sungai kajian mempunyai kekayaan taksa yang tidak seragam iaitu dalam julat 9-18 genus. Sungai Langat 3 dan Sg. Lolo menunjukkan pendominasian iaitu 19% dan 45% daripada keseluruhan individu. Stesen Sg. Langat 3 yang dicirikan oleh air separa panas didominasi oleh genus Polypedilum, Cryptochironomus dan Rheocricotopus. Sungai Lolo yang terletak pada altitud paling tinggi (>460 m) juga didominasi oleh Polypedilum iaitu sejumlah 40% daripada individu dalam subfamili ini. Analisis kesepadanan berkanonik (CCA) menunjukkan genus yang dominan iaitu Cryptochironomus, Rheocricotopus dan Cricotopus lebih dipengaruhi oleh kandungan organik dalam jasad air, manakala Polypedilum pula jelas dipengaruhi oleh altitud dan oksigen terlarut. Kajian ini berjaya mengecamkan 28 genus dan sejumlah 70 pengelompokkan kepada kumpulan di bawah genus dengan ciri tersendiri telah dihasilkan. Pengelompokkan genus Polypedilum dan Cricotopus (masing-masing 10 kumpulan), Chironomus (7 kumpulan) dan Cryptochironomus (6 kumpulan).,Chironomidae from Diptera family are reported to have high dispersion and composition in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, the biogeographical information for this family is very limited in the Asian region. Thus, study on this family is very crucial to be conducted, particularly to provide information on distribution and composition. The study was conducted to exhibits Chironomidae diversity, distribution and composition in upstream of Sungai Langat (main river) and four tributries examined which located within the catchment area. A total of 38 sample units were collected for chironomid identification purposes. Chironomidae larvae samples were identified to the lowest taxonomic level as possible, whereas, water quality assessment was conducted and was calculated for WQI index. All analysis procedure were performed according to the APHA and HACH standard methods. Results shows all streams have good water quality criteria. The WQI values obtained are in the range of 91.72 - 98.42 and classified rivers in class I, that is clean and free of pollution stress. WQI subindices value shows only ammonia nitrogen classified Sungai Langat 1 to slightly polluted category. However, based on NWQS standards, ammonia nitrogen concentration still classify Sungai Langat 1 into classes IIA and WQI values obtained for this river is also approaching class I. One-way ANOVA test indicates that all water quality parameters were not significantly differ between sampling sites and between streams (p> 0.05, α= 0.05). Overall, all the rivers can be categorized as clean and free from contamination. Chironomidae larvae has high variability in term of composition and spatial distributions. Three subfamilies were recorded which are Chironominae, Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. Each of these subfamili contributes of 65%, 25% and 10% of the total individual collected respectively. Chironominae subfamily is represented by 2 tribes namely Chironomini and Tanytarsini. Chironominae subfamily was dominated by Polypedilum, Microtendipes and Cryptochironomus which where from Chironomini tribes. Polypedilum was the most dominant genus and comprises of 39% of total individuals, while Cryptochironomus and Microtendipes only accounted for 6% each. Polypedilum also found dominant spatially and recorded in all stations. Orthocladiinae subfamily was dominated by two genera namely Rheocricotopus and Cricotopus with 67% and 20% of the total individual of Orthocladiinae. Spatial analysis indicates that all streams have irregular taxa richness which is in the range of 9-18 genera. Sungai Langat 3 and Sg. Lolo show domination respectively 19% and 45% of the total individual. Sungai Langat 3 is characterized by semi-hot water and was dominated by Polypedilum, Cryptochironomus and Rheocricotopus. Sungai Lolo located at the highest altitude (> 460 m) is also dominated by Polypedilum with a total of 40% of the individuals from this subfamily. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) shows dominant genus namely Cryptochironomus, Rheocricotopus and Cricotopus were more influenced by the organic content in water bodies, whereas Polypedilum was influenced more by altitude and dissolved oxygen. A total of 28 genera was recorded and this study are able to separate 70 distinct grouping. Genus Polypedilum and Cricotopus were separated into 10 groups whereas Chironomus into 7 groups and Cryptochironomus into 6 groups.,PhD
Pages:	284
Call Number:	QL537.C456Z338 2014 tesis
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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