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Title:	Treatment and reuse potential of mosque greywater in Yemen
Authors:	Mohammed Hasanaqlan Al-Mughalles (P49297)
Supervisor:	Rakmi Abdul Rahman, Prof. Dr.
Keywords:	Greywater Mosque Yemen Water reuse -- Yemen
Issue Date:	9-Sep-2013
Description:	This study presents a practical and economical mean of reusing greywater in Yemen. It provides a vision to save large amounts of water using a simple treatment system that is applicable anywhere in the world, especially in Muslim world. The quantity and quality of greywater produced by a household and two mosques in Sana'a, Yemen were compared. A unique multisystem involving a granular activated carbon (GAC) biofilm reactor (40 cm diameter and 80 cm height) and a sand filter (1 m diameter and 1.3 m height) was established for treating the mosque greywater. The water quality was investigated under continuous flow operation using Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) ranging from 1-12 hr, giving values of Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 3.5±0.41 to 0.1±0.05 kg BOD m-3.d-1 and 5±0.66 to 0.4±0.18 kg COD m-3.d-1. Samples were taken from three points as storage tank effluent, GAC reactor effluent and sand filter effluent. The daily household greywater quantity was 259 L/day and generation ratio was 87% of total in-house consumed water. Physical greywater qualities of the TSS and turbidity were 511 mg/L and 619 FAU, respectively. Chemical properties of pH, NH3-N, NO3- and PO43- were 6, 11 mg/L, 98 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively. Biological characteristics of BOD5 and COD were 518 mg/L and 2000 mg/L, respectively. FC was 19×106 MPN/100 mL as microbial indicator. Whilst, the daily greywater produced from Al-Rahman and Ghazwat Badr mosque was 2600 L/day and 1300 L/day, respectively, with a generation of 2.7 L/prayer for each worshipper. The results of raw greywater samples showed that the TSS (56 mg/L), turbidity (35.6 FAU), pH (7.2), NH3-N (4.92 mg/L), NO3- (2.74 mg/L) and PO43- (2.6 mg/L) were within or slightly higher than the acceptable limits for water reuse in irrigation while the BOD5 (178 mg/L), COD (462 mg/L) and FC (180 MPN/100 mL) were higher than those limits. Due to the higher quantity and quality of the mosque greywater as compared to those of a household, the Al-Rahman mosque greywater was chosen for treatment and reuse. The multisystem showed a TSS removal up to 72% while the system did not show any efficiency in TDS removal. Inorganic chemical removal efficiencies of NH3-N, NO3- and PO4- were very low or reverse. Although the system is anaerobic, it exhibited slightly high efficiency of ammonia removal as 50% in 12 hr of HRT because low levels of DO that provided by low mixing elevated the growth yield of ammonia oxidizers. Maximum removal efficiency for NO3- and PO43- were 26% and 35% in 12 hr and 6 hr of HRT, respectively. The values of pH through the storage tank and the multisystem unit ranged between 7 and 8.5 which correspond to acceptable limits for reuse. The removal efficiencies of BOD5 and COD were 56-70 and 49-72%, respectively and FC removal efficiency was 63±81%. Linear regression model for OLR versus OLR removal rate was concluded as y=0.018+0.302x with R2=0.620 and y=0.120+0.216x with R2=0.530 based on BOD and COD values, respectively. According to the effluent values of TSS, BOD5, COD and FC, the multisystem satisfied the wastewater reuse standards for irrigation particularly restricted irrigation adopted in some Arab countries in the region. The economic feasibility study was carried out for 12 mosques in Sana'a and 10 irrigated sites, and it demonstrated that big amount of drinking water and wealth will be saved by treatment and reuse of mosque greywater. Sana'a mosques greywater reuse for irrigation will save about 4991424 USD/year, 1804800 m3/year of drinking water or 2367800 m2 of irrigated area.,Ph.D
Pages:	252
Call Number:	TD429 .M837 2013 3
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment / Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina

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