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Title:	Kelakuan tak lelurus sistem turapan boleh lentur menggunakan kaedah SASW dan FWD
Authors:	Sentot Hardwiyono (P28381)
Supervisor:	Mohd Raihan Taha, Profesor Dr.
Keywords:	SASW dan FWD Pavements Flexible Testing
Issue Date:	2-Oct-2012
Description:	Pelbagai kaedah telah dikembangkan untuk menilai keadaan Sistem Turapan Boleh Lentur (STBL) bagi tujuan penyelenggaraan, pemulihan dan pembaikannya. Kaedah-kaedah ini adalah ujikaji musnah (Destructive Testing, DT) dan ujikaji tanpa musnah (Non-destructive Testing, NDT). Kaedah ujikaji nisbah galas California (California bearing ratio, CBR) dan meter tusuk kun dinamik (dynamic cone penetrometer, DCP) merupakan contoh ujikaji DT, sedangkan ujikaji seperti kaedah lenturan (Falling Weight Deflectometer, FWD) dan kaedah seismos (Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave, SASW) pula merupakan contoh ujikaji NDT. Objektif kajian ini adalah (i) menentukan profil turapan dan modulus kenyal bahan STBL menggunakan kaedah FWD dan SASW, (ii) menghasilkan model empirik bagi menentukan modulus kaedah FWD daripada ujikaji kaedah SASW, dan (iii) menghasilkan korelasi modulus FWD-SASW bagi masing-masing lapisan turapan boleh lentur. Kajian dijalankan di lebuh raya Soekarno-Hatta Bandung dan Cikampek-Purwakarta Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Hentaman beban piawai ujian FWD ke atas permukaan STBL menghasilkan pesongan dan dirakam oleh tujuh geofon pengesan. Pesongan yang diperolehi dianalisis menggunakan perisian ELMOD bagi mendapatkan profil dan modulus lapisan bahan STBL. Dalam ujian SASW jarak diantara dua meter pecutan disusun dalam kedudukan geometrik titik tengah sepunya bagi mendapatkan seluruh julat panjang gelombang yang dicadangkan dan untuk mengesan bahan lapisan STBL. Perisian WinSASW 2.0 digunakan dalam analisis ujian SASW bagi memperolehi profil dan modulus lapisan bahan STBL. Hasil kajian mendapati sekaitan yang baik antara modulus lapisan asfalt (Ea) dan modulus tanah dasar (Es) ujian FWD dengan pesongan pertama (d1) dan pesongan keempat (d4). Pengaruh suhu dalam ujian makmal bagi lapisan asfalt serta hubungan empirik tegasan-terikan melawan kedalaman telah juga diperolehi. Kaedah SASW juga didapati mampu mengesan profil dan purata modulus lapisan turapan. Nisbah redaman lapisan tanah dasar didapati mempunyai nilai 2.96 hingga 3.84 % dan bagi lapisan asfalt pekali purata pengurangan tidak bergantung frekuensi (α0) adalah 0.807×10-3 s/m. Perubahan suhu lapisan (Ta) asfalt mempengaruhi halaju gelombang permukaan (Vs) dan diperolehi dalam persamaan Ta(0C) = -19.61 ln Vs +171.65 bagi Cikampek-Purwakarta dan bagi Soekarno-Hatta persamaannya adalah Ta(0C) = -19.30 ln Vs +165.17. Hubungan korelasi ujian modulus asfalt turapan daripada kedua-dua kaedah yang mempunyai peringkat terikan yang berbeza diperolehi berbentuk persamaan exponensial. Modulus dan kekuatan lapisan STBL yang diperolehi menggunakan kaedah SASW boleh digunakan bagi mengira modulus dan kekuatan lapisan STBL daripada kaedah FWD dengan mendarab nilai pemalar pembetulan.,Several methods have been developed to evaluate the state of flexible pavement system for maintenance, rehabilitation and repair works. These include Destructive Testing (DT) and Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methods. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) are examples of the DT test, while the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and the seismic method of Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave (SASW) are examples of the NDT test. The objective of this research is (i) to determine the profile of pavement and modulus each layer of the STBL using the FWD and SASW methods, (ii) to produce empirical model for determine modulus of the FWD-SASW methods, and (iii) to produce the correlation modulus each layers flexible pavement. The FWD and the SASW tests were conducted on the Soekarno-Hatta and Cikampek-Purwakarta highways Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. The deflection bowls occured from standard loading FWD test on the flexible pavement surface were recorded by seven geophones. Analysis of deflection was made using ELMOD software to determine the profile and modulus of each layers of the flexible pavement. Commond mid point method was used in the wave measurement program by two accelerometers and to detect each layers of the flexible pavement in SASW. Analysis of SASW test results to determine each flexible pavement layer and in-situ profile was made using WinSASW 2.0 software. The asphalt layer modulus (Ea) and the subgrade modulus (Es) from FWD test results shows good correlation with the first deflecton (d1) and fourth deflecton (d4) points. The temperature influence in laboratory test on asphalt layer and empirical stress-strain correlation against depth of pavement was also determined. The SASW test was also successful to determine the profile of the flexible pavement and weight mean average modulus of each layers. The damping ratio of the subgrade has been determined to have a value of 2.96 to 3.84% and the value of the independent average attenuation of frequency (α0) of the asphalt layer is 0.807×10-3s/m. The asphalt layer temperature (Ta) changes is influenced by the surface wave velocity (Vs) and the resulting equation for Cikampek-Purwakarta is Ta (0C) = -19.61 ln Vs+171.65 and for Soekarno-Hatta is Ta (0C) = -19.30 ln Vs+171.65. The correlation of asphalt modulus by both methods with different strain levels can be showed by an exponential equation. The modulus and strength of STBL layers from the SASW test results can be used to predict the modulus and strength of STBL layers in FWD tests by multiplying with a correction coefficient.,PhD
Pages:	324
Call Number:	TE250.S445 2012 3 tesis
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment / Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina

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