Living heritage in practice: exploring the social-material networks of lion dance in Malaysia

Abstract

Originating from traditional Chinese culture, the lion dance in Malaysia has developed into a shared practice that transcends ethnicities. This study explores the evolving roles of the lion dance in Malaysia as a complex interplay of cultural heritage, social identity and contemporary meaning-making. Centered on the Kun Seng Keng Lion and Dragon Dance Association, the study employs actor-network theory and Bourdieu’s theories of capital and habitus as theoretical frameworks that position the lion dance as a series of interconnected practices. Methodologically, this research employs a multi-sited ethnographic approach, combining participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions to capture the lived experiences and evolving significance of lion dance. Fieldwork was conducted across training centres, performance venues, competitions, and community events. In-depth interviews with practitioners and cultural activists provided individualized insights, while FGDs facilitated teenagers’ better engagement in specific topics. Qualitative data were analyzed through a networked lens, highlighting how heritage is actively co-constructed within a complex web of social, political, and material influences. The findings reveal four themes of practices that define lion dance’s cultural significance. (1) Competitive practices focus on technical innovation and social capital; (2) Religious practices adapt traditional rituals for broader social purposes; (3) Local practices emphasize community engagement and government collaboration; and (4) Educational practices highlight the transmission of techniques and values through training. Each theme is thus conceptualized as the result of the interplay between materials, competencies, and meanings, with these dynamic configurations manifesting distinctly in these practices. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of heritage as a dynamic network and advocates for policies that foster inclusive cultural practices. It also proposes further research into the intersection of tradition, modernity, and globalized cultural expressions. The implications of this work extend to broader debates in heritage studies, especially concerning how cultural practices as active sites for the negotiation of social identities in the modern world.