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Title:	Composition, source apportionment, health risk assessment and toxicity testing of fine particulate matter in Kuala Lumpur city center
Authors:	Nor Azura Sulong (P78437)
Supervisor:	Mohd Talib Latif, Prof. Dr.
Keywords:	Air quality Environmental health -- Developing countries -- Malaysia
Issue Date:	20-Feb-2018
Description:	Many epidemiological and toxicological studies have demonstrated that exposure to fine particulate matter is associated with a range of adverse health endpoints, ranging from mortality to subclinical respiratory symptoms. Hence, this study aimed to determine the composition of inorganic and organic PM2.5 during seasonal cycles including haze episode in the Kuala Lumpur urban environment. It also emphasized the source apportionment of PM2.5 using receptor model. This study also assessed the health risks as well as cytotoxicity effect of PM2.5. The samples were collected on quartz microfiber filter using a high volume air sampler (HVS) with the flow rate of 1.13 m3 min-1 on a 24 h basis. The sampling campaign was conducted in a year, starting from June 2015 to May 2016. The composition of PM2.5 determined were water soluble ionic ions (WSII), trace metals, biomass tracers, black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The possible sources were apportioned using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment were estimated using United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk calculation, based on the specific age groups. The cytotoxicity of the PAHs extract was determined by assessing the cell viability through the reduction of tetrazolium salts (MTT) for 24 h of exposure. The results showed that the annual PM2.5 concentration was 30±26 μg m-3. About 38%, 19% and 7% of the daily samples exceeded the World Health Organization Guideline 2006, National Ambient Air Quality Standards United State Environmental Protection Agency Standard 2015 and Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard 2015, respectively. During haze episode, the PM2.5 concentration measured was 72.3±37.8 μg m-3. Based on seasonal seasons, the highest concentration (41.0±35.9 μg m-3) was measured during Inter monsoon I (INT I). The highest PM2.5 concentration was recorded in September (81±43 μg m-3), followed by October (68±33 μg m-3). This was due to the occurrence of the SEA haze episode during both months. The trend for chemical mass closure (CMC) analysis were as follows; SIA > BC > MIN > SS > BT > nss-K+ > TE > PAHs. From the inorganic compositions of PM2.5, five factors were identified where the main source comes from mixed SIA and biomass burning (37.9%). The source apportionment of the organic PM2.5 revealed that the main source was released from gasoline emission (29.1%). The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and hazard index (HI) for trace metals inhalation exposure was the highest among the adult group (4.56 E-05) and infant group (HI = 2.128), respectively. The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) for PAHs inhalation exposure was the highest among the adult group (1.42 E-07). Cytotoxicity testing suggested that PAHs extract collected during SW monsoon had a cytotoxic effect towards V79-4 cell at the concentrations of 25 μg mL-1 , 50 μg mL-1 and 100 μg mL-1 whereas no cytotoxic effect was observed on the PAHs samples collected during NE monsoon. Overall, this study revealed that more attention should be given to sensitive groups as they develop higher health risk than others. Another interesting aspect revealed by this study was a clear seasonal variation of cytotoxicity of the ambient air of PM2.5 in Kuala Lumpur city center.,'Certification of Master's/Doctoral Thesis' is not available,Ph.D.
Pages:	186
Call Number:	RA566.5.D44N647 2018 tesis
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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