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Title:	Development of a pesticide impact assessment tool (Mypiat TM) to compute characterization factors for life cycle assessment (LCA) in agriculture for Malaysia
Authors:	Weeraratne Waduruwa Muhandiramlage Jayantha (P38451)
Supervisor:	Prof. Dr. Salmijah Surif
Keywords:	Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Pesticide Agriculture Pesticides-environmental aspects.
Issue Date:	20-Nov-2012
Description:	Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) approach can be used to evaluate environmental impacts due to pesticide application. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is one of the steps of LCA procedures magnitude the level of human and ecotoxicology impacts by using characterisation factors (CF). Currently there is no available software that can be used to find out CFs for pesticides on human and ecological toxicity under tropical condition. This project aimed to develop a software, called the Malaysian Pesticide Impact Assessment Tool (MYPIAT TM ) which can be provided the characterisation factors for pesticides used under Malaysian condition. Under this pilot study, a total 30 pesticides which are extensively used in Peninsular Malaysia were evaluated. The approach of the project was to divide Peninsular Malaysia into ten watersheds which incidentally is represented by actual political states. Each state was taken into eight environmental compartments namely: air, surface water, ground water, coastal water, sediment, agricultural soil, non agricultural soil and vegetation. All geographical, climatic, food production and human population data were collected from various governmental departments for a period of ten years (from 1999 to 2008). The physiochemical properties of pesticides were obtained exhaustively from all available sources. The Mackay multimedia level III fugacity environmental model, developed initially for four compartments (air, soil, water and sediment) was modified to eight environmental compartments to predict concentration of pesticides in each compartment. Pesticide application in the spray and granular forms were treated individually. Pesticides fate calculations obtained from the model was verified with available experimental data obtained from other researchers. The pesticide fate step verification results showed pesticide partition ratios between considered environmental compartments predicted by MYPIAT TM are closed by 94% to 100% to the experimental data. The pesticides intake by human was estimated from both routes, namely inhalation of air and ingestion of food and water; and their effects calculated based on the risk approach. The Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) was calculated as CF for human toxicity. For ecological CFs were focussed on the effect of pesticides to water organisms (fish, daphnia and algae) in the water compartment and worms in soil compartments. The Surface Water Ecotoxicity Potential (SWETP), Agricultural Soil Ecotoxicity Potential (ASETP) and Non Agricultural Soil Ecotoxicity Potential (NASETP) were taken as the characterization factors for surface water ecotoxicity, agricultural and non agricultural soil ecotoxicity, respectively. The software that has developed is able to generate 2400 CFs for human toxicity and ecological toxicity. It was found that pesticides applied in spray form gave higher CF values than granular form application. Among the considered insecticides, the highest CF value (2.62E+05) was obtained for chlorpyrifos applied in spray form for impact category HTP whereas the lowest CF value (4.19E-05) was obtained for impact category SWETP for acephate applied in granular form. For herbicides the highest CF value (2.29E+05) was obtained for impact category HTP diuron applied in spray form, and the lowest CF value (2.10E-11) was obtained for impact category ASETP for glyphosate applied in granular form. For fungicides, the highest CF value (2.71E+05) was shown to be for impact category HTP for difenoconazole applied in the spray form and the lowest value (9.77E-07) was for impact category ASETP for mancozab applied in granular form. MYPIAT TM software has the capability to add and edit data for existing and new pesticides.,Pendekatan Analisis Kitar Hayat (LCA)boleh digunakan untuk menilai impak persekitaran penggunaan pestisid. Penilaian Impak Kitar (LCIA) ialah satu peringkat prosedur LCA.Pada masa kini, tiada alat ( perisian)yang sesuai boleh digunakan untuk perkiraan LCIA penilaian ketoksikan manusia dan ekoketoksikan pestisid bagi factor pencirian (CF) dalam keadaan tropika. Kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan CF untuk mengira impak ketoksikan pada manusia dan ekotoksikologi bagi pestisid yang digunakan dalam keadaan tempatan. Kajian skala besar ini melibatkan 30 pestisid yang banyak digunakan di Semenanjung Malaysia. Pendekatan kajian ialah untuk membahagikan Semenanjung Manusia kepada sepuluh basin air yang diwakili oleh setiap Negeri. Setiap negeri dibahagikan kepada 8 kompartmen persekitaran iaitu udara, air permukaan, air tanah, air laut, sedimen, tanah pertanian, tanah bukan pertanian dan vegetasi. Semua data geografi, cuaca, pengeluaran makanan dan data populasi manusia dikumpul daripada beberapa jabatan kerajaan untuk julat sepuluh tahun (1999-2008) Ciri fisikokimia tiap pestisid diperolehi dari berbagai sumber. Model persekitaran fugasiti III paras multimedia Mackay yang mulanya menggunakan 4 kompartmen (udara, air, tanah, sedimen) telah diubahsuai menjadi 8 kompartmen untuk meramalkan kepekatan pestisid dalam setiap komponen. Penggunaan pestisid dalam bentuk semburan dan dalam bentuk granul di pertimbangkan berasingan. Hasil pendapatan MYPIAt TM menhampiri ketepatan sebanyak 94% hingga 100% gengan penyelidikan sebenar yang lain. Pengambilam pestisid oleh manusia dianggarkan melalui pernafasan udara atau kemasukan makanan dan minuman. Kesan pestisid dikira berdasarkan pendekatan risiko.CF untuk ketoksikan manusia,Potensi Ketoksikan Manusia(HTP) dikira. Bagi CF ekologi, kajian ini menumpu kepada kesan pestisid terhadap organisme air (ikan, daphnia, algae) dalam kompartmen air dan cacing dalam kompartmen tanah. Potensi Ekoketoksikan Permukaan Air (SWETP), Potensi Ekoketoksikan Tanah Pertanian (ASETP) and Potensi Ekoketoksikan Tanah Bukan Pertanian (NASETP) telah diambil sebagai faktor ciri-ciri untuk keekotoksikan permukaan air, tanah pertanian dan tanah bukan pertanian Perisian MYPIAT TM dibangunkan untuk menumpu kepada penilaian peringkat (penggunaan) akhir kitar hayat pestisid. Perisian ini dapat menjana 2400 CF untuk ketoksikan manusia dan ekoketoksikan.Didapati bahawa pengunanaan pesticide dalam semburan mengeluarkan CF yang lebih tinggi daripada pesticide dalam bentuk granul.Dalam pertimbangan insecticide, nilai tertinggi CF(2.62E+05) didapati daripada chlorpyrifos dalam bentuk semburan untuk kategori impak HTP manakala nilai CF terendah(4.19E-05) didapati untuk kategori impak SWEPT untuk acephate yang diberi dalam bentuk granul.Untuk herbicide ,niai tertinggi CF(2.29E+05) didapati daripada diuron untuk kategori impak HTP yang digunakan dalam bentuk semburan dan nilai terendah CF(2.10E-11) didapati daripada glyphosate untuk kategori impak ASETP dalam bentul granul.Untuk fungicide, nilai tertinggi CF(2.71E+05) didapati daripada difenoconazole dalam bentuk semburan untuk kategori impak HTP dan nilai terendah CF(9.77E-07) daripada mancozab yang digunakan dalam bentuk granul untuk kategoi impak ASETP. Perisian MYPIAT TM mempunyai kebolehan untuk menambah dan mengedit data pestisid sedia ada dan pestisid baru. Pengesahan peringkat nasib menunjukkan nilai kepekatan ramalan MYPIAT TM dan nilai eksperimen adalah konsisten.,Ph.D
Pages:	184
Call Number:	QH545.P4 W434 2012
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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