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Title:	Amalan penggunaan pestisid dan pengaruhnya terhadap risiko pendedahan pesawah kepada pestisid 2,4-D dan parakuat di kawasan penanaman padi daerah Kerian, Perak
Authors:	Mohamad Azhar Mohd Nor (P30358)
Supervisor:	Ismail Sahid, Profesor Dato' Dr.
Keywords:	Pestisid Penanaman padi Pesticides
Issue Date:	3-May-2014
Description:	Satu kajian keratan rentas telah dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti amalan penggunaan pestisid dan pengaruhnya terhadap risiko pendedahan pestisid di kalangan pesawah padi. Objektif kajian ini ialah untuk mengenalpasti dan menilai amalan penggunaan pestisid yang diamalkan di kawasan Projek Pembangunan Pertanian Bersepadu (IADP) Kerian-Sg, Manik. Pengesahan berkaitan Sistem Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (SPKKP) yang sedang diamalkan di kawasan kajian diperolehi melalui temubual dengan pesawah padi dan para pegawai dari agensi yang terlibat secara langsung dengan aktiviti-aktiviti IADP tersebut. Penilaian adalah berdasarkan standard MS 1722:Part 1:2005 dan OHSAS 18001:2007. Keberkesanan SPKKP yang dikaji adalah dengan mengenalpasti risiko pendedahan terhadap pestisid yang paling kerap digunakan di kawasan kajian. Sejumlah 140 orang responden yang terdiri daripada pesawah yang telah dikenalpasti menggunakan pestisid 2,4-D dan parakuat telah terlibat di dalam kajian ini. Pendedahan terhadap pestisid 2,4-D dan parakuat diukur melalui kaedah Penilaian Risiko Pendedahan Pestisid kepada Kulit (DREAM) dan kepekatan pestisid di dalam udara. Kesan kesihatan di kalangan responden dikenalpasti melalui paras enzim hati, alanine amino tranferase (ALT) dan gamma glutamil tranferase (GGT). Hasil kajian mendapati SPKKP tidak diamalkan secara individu oleh para pesawah sebaliknya diuruskan secara tidak langsung oleh IADP Kerian-Sg.Manik melalui kaedah pengurusan makhluk perosak bersepadu (IPM). Secara umum, elemen-elemen SPKKP seperti penaksiran risiko dan kawalan risiko, latihan dan kesedaran, konsultansi dan komunikasi telah diperkenalkan di kawasan kajian dengan matlamat untuk mengurangkan penggunaan pestisid di kalangan pesawah. Namun begitu, disebabkan kesukaran menjelaskan bentuk hubungan 'majikan-pekerja' serta status pemilikan tanah sawah, sistem pengurusan yang diamalkan tidak berjaya mencapai matlamatnya. Pestisid masih lagi digunakan secara meluas di kawasan kajian dan dianggap sebagai kaedah utama pengawalan makhluk perosak. Kajian turut mendapati, dasar terhadap keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan (KKP) tidak sepenuhnya mematuhi keperluan asas sebuah polisi KKP. Tiada sistem pengurusan yang khusus berkaitan KKP yang diamalkan selain elemen-elemen KKP digabungkan ke dalam IPM. Kajian mendapati proses perlaksanaan tidak diurus sepenuhnya, menyebabkan kurangnya kawalan yang berkesan terhadap faktor risiko semasa pengendalian pestisid oleh pesawah. Walaupun paras pendedahan terhadap kedua-dua pestisid tersebut adalah di bawah had pendedahan dibenarkan, responden masih terdedah kepada risiko kesihatan akibat pendedahan terhadap pestisid yang dikaji. Ujian korelasi Pearson menunjukkan terdapatnya perhubungan yang signifikan di antara tempoh dan kekerapan menyembur racun dengan paras ALT dan GGT di kalangan responden. Ujian t menunjukkan terdapatnya perbezaan yang signifikan pada paras ALT dan GGT di antara responden dan kumpulan kawalan. Ujian khi kuasa dua mendapati terdapatnya perkaitan yang signifikan di antara pendedahan kepada keduadua pestisid dengan simptom-simptom kesihatan di kalangan responden. Secara kesimpulannya, kaedah pengurusan yang diamalkan di kawasan kajian didapati tidak sepenuhnya dapat mengawal isu-isu keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan terutamanya berkaitan risiko pendedahan terhadap pestisid 2,4-D dan parakuat oleh pesawah padi.,A cross sectional study was conducted to examine the practices of pesticides application in the paddy growing area of Kerian and it's effects with regard to exposure to the pesticides by the paddy farmers. The objective of this study was to determine and assess the effect of practices on pesticides application in the Integrated Agriculture Development Project (IADP) at Kerian-Sg.Manik. The current practice of the the occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) was verified through interviews with paddy farmers and personnel from agencies directly involved with the activities of the IADP. The assessment was based on the standard MS 1722: Part 1:2005 and the OHSAS 18001:2007. The effectiveness of the studied management system was assessed through the determination of risk exposure to the most common pesticides used in the study area. A total of 140 paddy farmers identified as using 2,4-D and paraquat pesticides were involved in the study. The exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat was assessed through the Dermal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM) and the concentration of the pesticides in the air. The health effects among the respondents were determined through the level of the liver enzymes, alanine amino transferase (ALT) and gamma glutamil transferase (GGT). Results showed that the paddy farmers were not practicing the OHSMS individually although it was indirectly managed by the IADP Kerian-Sg. Manik through the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) method. In general, the OHSMS elements of risk assessment and risk control, training and awareness, consultation and communication were introduced to the study area with the intention of reducing pesticide usage among the farmers. However, due to the difficulties in defining the 'employer-employee relationship' and the land status of the paddy farms, the management system implemented did not fully succeed in achieving it's goal. Pesticides are still being widely used in the study area and considered the main method of controlling pest populations. It was also found that the policy on occupational safety and health (OSH) had not adequately addressed the fundamental needs of an OSH policy. There has been no specific management system with regard to occupational health and safety implemented other than the health and safety elements that were incorporated in the IPM. It was found that the implementation process was inadequately managed, reducing effective control of the risk factor during the handling of pesticides by the paddy farmers. Although the exposure level of the farmers to the studied pesticides was below the standard permissible exposure limits, respondents were still subjected to health risk due to exposure to the studied pesticides. The Pearson correlation test showed a significant relationship between the duration and frequency of pesticide application and the levels of ALT and GGT among the respondents. The T test showed significant differences in the levels of ALT and GGT between the study and control groups. The Chi square test showed significant associations between pesticide exposure and health symptoms among respondents. In conclusion, the management system implemented in the study area was not adequate to effectively control the occupational health and safety issues specifically related to risk exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat pesticides by the paddy farmers.,PhD
Pages:	241
Call Number:	SB951.M834 2014 tesis
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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