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https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/499546Full metadata record
| DC Field | Value | Language |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | Md Pauzi b. Abdullah, Prof. Dr. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Afidah Hassan (P48791) | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-10-13T09:32:42Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2023-10-13T09:32:42Z | - |
| dc.date.issued | 2014-03-06 | |
| dc.identifier.other | ukmvital:80008 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/499546 | - |
| dc.description | Proses penyahgam, pelunturan dan penyahbau minyak mentah kelapa sawit menghasilkan minyak kelapa sawit tertapis, terluntur dan ternyahbau (RBDPO) di kilang penapisan minyak sawit (PORF) di samping emulsi sisa minyak dalam air yang dikeluarkan sebagai efluen kilang penapisan minyak sawit (PORFE). Efluen tersebut dibebaskan sebagai air buangan setiap hari secara berterusan. Efluen ini mempunyai tahap kandungan sisa minyak purata 1480 mg/L (berbeza setiap hari), tidak mematuhi piawaian alam sekitar untuk pengeluaran air buangan yang menetapkan sisa minyak yang dibenarkan untuk disalir ke persekitaran iaitu 50 mg/L. Dalam kajian ini, kitosan (CHIT) dan terbitan-terbitannya iaitu oleoil kitosan (OCHIT), N-metilena fosfonik kitosan (NMPC) dan oleoil metilena fosfonik kitosan (OMPC) telah dinilai potensinya sebagai penjerap untuk membersihkan sisa minyak sebelum efluen itu disalirkan ke persekitaran. Sintesis terbitan kitosan iaitu OCHIT telah dijalankan dengan menambah kumpulan hidrofobik iaitu kumpulan oleoil dengan menggunakan tindak balas pengasilan. Asid fosforus dan formaldehid telah ditindakbalaskan dengan kitosan untuk menghasilkan NMPC yang merupakan terbitan kitosan hidrofilik. OMPC disintesis melalui gabungan kedua-dua langkah sintesis ini. Pencirian terbitan kitosan telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan FTIR, NMR, CHNS, TGA, SEM, EDX dan XRD. Pencirian terbitan menunjukkan kumpulan oleoil telah terikat pada atom N dan pada atom O bagi OCHIT. Sementara bagi NMPC, kumpulan metilena terikat pada atom N. Penambahan kumpulan oleoil akan menambahkan sifat hablur kitosan dan kestabilan terma. Sementara itu, kehadiran kumpulan metilena fosfonik memberi kesan sebaliknya. Kajian antibakteria telah dijalankan bagi terbitan-terbitan kitosan tersebut. CHIT dan NMPC merencat pertumbuhan bakteria gram positif lebih berkesan berbanding bakteria gram negatif. OCHIT dan OMPC merencat bakteria gram negatif lebih baik daripada gram positif. Kajian ekotoksisiti LC50 telah dijalankan. Kajian mendapati kitosan dan terbitan-terbitannya adalah sederhana toksik sementara CHIT mempunyai sifat toksik paling rendah. Kajian penjerapan sisa minyak telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan teknik kelompok untuk mengenalpasti bahan penjerap sisa minyak terbaik. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi jerapan adalah jisim penjerap, masa sentuhan dan pH telah dikaji. Didapati OCHIT adalah penjerap terbaik berbanding CHIT, OMPC dan NMPC. Kapasiti penjerapan bagi OCHIT dan CHIT adalah 128.65 mg/g, 120.68 mg/g pada jisim penjerap 0.1g, kepekatan awal sisa minyak 1g/L, masa sentuhan 30 minit dan pada pH 4. Manakala bagi OMPC dan NMPC adalah 118.91mg/g dan 77.57 mg/g, masa sentuhan adalah 15 minit. Kajian termodinamik mendapati bagi semua penjerap nilai ΔHo adalah positif, nilai ΔSo adalah positif dan nilai ΔGo adalah negatif. Kajian isoterma penjerapan sisa minyak oleh kitosan dan terbitan-terbitannya telah menepati isoterma Freundlich, Temkin dan Dubinin-Radushkevic. Kajian kinetik mendapati ia mematuhi kinetik pseudo tertib kedua. Terbitan kitosan boleh digunakan sebagai penjerap minyak dan boleh diguna semula.,The degumming, bleaching and deodorization process of crude palm oil to produce refined palm oil, bleached and deodorized (RBDPO) in palm oil refinery factory (PORF) produce a residual oil in water emulsion as palm oil refinery effluent (PORFE). Effluent is discharged as waste water every day continuously. The average level is 1480mg/L (varies daily) of residual oil in the effluent water, this does not comply with the environmental standard for discharge waste water which is 50 mg/L. In this study, chitosan (CHIT), oleoyl chitosan (OCHIT), N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC) and oleoyl phosphonic methylene chitosan (OMPC) are evaluated its potential as an adsorbent to clean up residual oil before the effluent is discharged into the environment. The synthesis of OCHIT was carried out by adding hydrophobic groups of oleoyl groups using acylation reaction. Phosphorous acid and formaldehyde are reacted with chitosan to produce chitosan derivative NMPC which is hydrophilic. OMPC synthesized through the combination of these two synthesis steps. Characterization of chitosan and its derivatives was performed by using FTIR, NMR, CHNS, TGA, SEM, EDX and XRD. The characterization shows that oleoyl group bound at N and O atoms for OCHIT. While for NMPC, methylene phosphonic group bound at atom N. The addition of oleoyl groups will increase the crystalisation properties and thermal stability of chitosan. Meanwhile, the presence of methylene phosphonic groups shows the opposite effect. Antibacterial studies were carried out for chitosan and its derivatives. NMPC and CHIT inhibit the growth of gram positive bacteria more effectively than gram negative bacteria. OCHIT and OMPC inhibit gram negative bacteria better than gram positive bacteria. Ecotoxicity studies LC50 was conducted. The study found that chitosan and its derivatives are moderately toxic while CHIT has lowest toxic nature. Residual oil adsorption study was carried out by using batch technique to identify the best adsorbent for residual oil. The factors affecting the adsorption namely the mass of adsorbent, contact time and pH were studied. OCHIT is found to be the best adsorbent than CHIT, OMPC and NMPC. Adsorption capacity for OCHIT and CHIT is 128.65 mg/g, 120.68 mg/g at 0.1 g adsorbent mass, initial concentration of waste oil 1g/L, contact time 30 min and at pH 4. While for OMPC and NMPC is 118.91 mg/g and 77.57 mg/g, contact time is 15 minutes. The study of thermodynamics found that for all the adsorbent ΔHo and ΔSo value is positive, while the ΔGo value is negative. The study of adsorption isotherm of residual oil of chitosan and its derivatives have been fitted well with Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin - Radushkevic isotherm model. Kinetic studies show that it fitted well with pseudo second order model. Chitosan derivatives can be used as oil adsorbent and can be reused.,PhD | |
| dc.language.iso | may | |
| dc.publisher | UKM, Bangi | |
| dc.relation | Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi | |
| dc.rights | UKM | |
| dc.subject | Penjerap minyak | |
| dc.subject | Chitosan - Biotechnology | |
| dc.title | Sintesis, pencirian dan penggunaan n-metilena fosfonik, oleoil dan oleoil mitelina fosfonik kitosan sebagai penjerap minyak | |
| dc.type | Theses | |
| dc.format.pages | 270 | |
| dc.identifier.callno | TP248.65.C55A394 2014 tesis | |
| dc.identifier.barcode | 001101 | |
| Appears in Collections: | Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi | |
Files in This Item:
| File | Description | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ukmvital_80008+SOURCE1+SOURCE1.0.PDF Restricted Access | 8.44 MB | Adobe PDF |  View/Open |
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