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Title:	A study on modification of Jatropha curcas seed oil based linoleic acid for biolubricant base oil
Authors:	Abdullah Bashar Mudhaffar (P49181)
Supervisor:	Jumat Salimon, Prof. Dr.
Keywords:	Jatropha curcas Biolubricant base oil Dissertations, Academic -- Malaysia
Issue Date:	28-Feb-2013
Description:	A study on the modification of Jatropha curcas seed oil based linoleic acid (LA) for biolubricant baseoil was carried out. Physicochemical characteristics of J. curcas seed oil (59.32% lipids) showed high content of LA (36.70%), iodine value (104.90 mg/g) and saponification value (203.36 mg/g). Ethanolic potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyzed reactions were utilized to hydrolyze the seed oil. The optimal conditions of response were found at 1.75 M of ethanolic KOH, 65°C for reaction temperature and 2 h for reaction time with 102.2% of fatty acid (FA). The separation of LA from a mixture of fatty acids by urea complex fractionation was studied. Results showed that the LA increased to 92.81% in non-urea complexing fraction (NUCF) at optimum of urea-to-fatty acids ratio (w/w) of 5:1, crystallization temperature of -10°C and crystallization time of 24 h with 7.8% yield, respectively. Monoepoxide LA, 9(12)-10(13)-monoepoxy 12(9)-octadecanoic acid (MEOA) was synthesized using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435®). At optimum conditions, higher yield% (82.14) and medium oxirane oxygen content, OOC (4.91%) of MEOA were predicted at 15 μL of H2O2, 120 mg of Novozym 435® and 7 h of reaction time. The oxirane ring opening reaction to obtain 9(12)-hydroxy-10(13)-oleioxy-12(9)-octadecanoic acid (HYOOA) was synthesized in the presence of oleic acid (OA) and p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA). At optimum conditions, yield% (84.61) and OOC% (0.05) of HYOOA were predicted at 0.2:1 (mol/mol) ratio of OA/MEOA, 0.4:1 (mol/mol) ratio of PTSA/MEOA, 110°C of reaction temperature and 4.5 h of reaction time. Esterification of HYOOA product was carried out using oleyl alcohol (OL) and sulfuric acid (SA) to yield oleyl 9(12)-hydroxy-10(13)-oleioxy-12(9)-octadecanoate (OLHYOOT). Optimal conditions of the reaction were obtained at ratio of OL/HYOOA of 2:1 (mol/mol), SA/OLHYOOT ratio of 0.7:1 (mol/mol), reaction temperature of 110°C and reaction time of 7 h with 88.7% yield of OLHYOOT. Synthesis of oleyl 9(12)-oleoyloxy-10(13)-oleioxy-12(9)-octadecanoate (OLOLOOT) using oleoyl chloride (OLC) was also carried out. The optimal reaction conditions were found at 4.5:1 (mol/mol) ratio of OLC/OLHYOOT, 0.65:1 (mol/mol) ratio of pyridine/OLHYOOT, 60°C of reaction temperature and 5.5 h of reaction time with 81.6% yield. FTIR spectra of the synthetic esters showed ester carbonyl group at 1737 and 1738 cm-1. 1H NMR analysis confirmed the ester group at 4.06, 4.05 ppm while the ester signals of 13C NMR appear at 174.01, 173.93 and 173.89 ppm, respectively with different in intensity. LC-MS analysis shows that of OLOLOOT gives m/e as 1093.8403 as final product. The results showed that OLOLOOT exhibited good low temperature behavior with pour point, PP of -73°C and higher oxidative stability (OT 260°C) compared to the other synthetic esters. Increasing the molecular weight of OLOLOOT has shown improvement in flash point (FP at 279°C). Similarly, the viscosity index (VI) of OLOLOOT increased from 130 to 219. Furthermore, increasing the ester group, chain length and the molecular weight of biolubricants had improved the PP, VI and had a positive impact on tribological properties. The product, OLOLOOT is possible to be used as industrial baseoil for biolubricants..,PhD / Doktor Falsafah
Pages:	298
Call Number:	TP339.A235 2013
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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