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Title:	Adaptasi terhadap krisis kekurangan bekalan air menerusi sistem penuaian air hujan tradisional luar bandar di Sabah dari perspektif kualiti air dan aplikasinya di kawasan bandar.
Authors:	Carolyn Melissa Payus (P59338)
Supervisor:	Norela Sulaiman, Prof. Madya Dr.
Keywords:	Bekalan air Adaptasi Sistem penuaian air Dissertations, Academic -- Malaysia
Issue Date:	18-May-2015
Description:	Krisis bekalan air menjadi semakin membimbangkan kerana bilangan penduduk yang semakin meningkat seiring dengan kejadian pencemaran serta kemusnahan alam sekitar yang semakin kerap berlaku. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mencari sumber bekalan air alternatif yang boleh diaplikasikan di kawasan bandar terutamanya sebagai langkah adaptasi kepada fenomena defisit bekalan air. Kajian ini cuba mencadangkan penggunaan sistem penuaian air hujan sebagai pilihan alternatif yang tidak pernah didokumentasikan kajiannya selama ini. Sistem penuaian air hujan ini dianggap sebagai sumber air mentah yang paling mudah diperolehi dan lebih menjimatkan jika dibandingkan dengan kaedah konvensional. Dalam konteks ini, kesan beberapa faktor mikro-topografi dari segi tahap kualiti fizikal, kimia, mikrobiologi, kehadiran EDC hormon progesteron, pengaruh kualiti udara (zarahan kasar dan halus), ozon serta faktor meteorologi terhadap prestasi sistem penuaian air hujan telah dijalankan. Sejumlah 511 sampel telah digunakan sewaktu keseluruhan proses penyelidikan ini dijalankan, iaitu melibatkan beberapa sumber air gravity fed dan sumber air terawat yang telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik penapisan membran (ELE Paqualab 50), ICP-OES, kaedah Hach serta sistem HPLC untuk memastikan kesesuaian sistem penuaian tersebut sebagai sumber bekalan air minuman. Secara keseluruhannya, keputusan kajian mendapati kesemua parameter kualiti air hujan yang telah dianalisis adalah memenuhi had piawaian kualiti air WHO dan Malaysian Kualiti Air Minuman yang telah ditetapkan kecuali mikrobiologi dan logam kromium yang didapati telah melebihi standard yang telah ditetapkan. Adalah dianggarkan sebanyak 72 % daripada kawasan tanah rendah menunjukkan kualiti air yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan kawasan tanah tinggi iaitu sebanyak 28 %. Analisis sampel daripada PCA, didapati mikrobiologi, zink dan nitrat menyumbang lebih daripada 50% kontaminasi kepada sistem tersebut. Kajian juga mendapati air hujan menunjukkan kualiti air yang lebih baik berbanding dengan sumber air gravity fed yang lain iaitu dengan turutan seperti berikut; air hujan> air graviti bawah tanah> air bukit> air graviti sungai> air telaga. Selain itu, sumber air daripada penuaian air hujan juga didapati lebih bersih serta selamat daripada kontaminasi hormon steroid progesteron jika dibandingkan dengan sumber air mentah yang lain. Hasil daripada pemantauan kualiti udara, PM0.3, PM2.0 serta ozon didapati memenuhi piawaian yang telah ditetapkan oleh standard WHO (2000) dan OSHA. Kesan faktor meteorologi terhadap parameter kualiti udara didapati suhu udara, kelembapan bandingan serta kelajuan angin mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat signifikan (p<0.05) serta sangat kuat terhadap PM0.3. Analisis kimia terhadap kebolehupayaan sistem penuaian tersebut untuk di aplikasikan di kawasan bandar mendapati kualiti air skala makmal di kawasan bandar direkodkan lebih tinggi kualitinya jika dibandingkan dengan di luar bandar, kecuali nitrat, sulfat, logam zink, kromium dan plumbum yang lebih tinggi di kawasan bandar. Kajian juga mendapati bumbung jenis keluli-galvani dengan kecerunan 30 dan tekstur permukaan yang lebih licin serta tangki jenis plastik (PVC) dengan saiz 60 m 3 adalah yang paling sesuai digunakan untuk diaplikasikan di kawasan bandar. Kaedah rawatan menggunakan bone char dan silver foil didapati mampu menyingkirkan logam berat dan mikrobiologi menerusi ujikaji pilot scale dalam sistem penuaian air hujan. Maka dengan ini jelas menunjukkan kelebihan yang boleh diperolehi daripada penggunaan sistem penuaian air hujan terutama aplikasinya di kawasan bandar.,The scarcity of water supply is becoming alarming due to the increasing of human population along with the occurrence of environmental pollution and degradation that is happening more frequent. In this study, the aim is to find alternative sources of water supply that can be applied particularly in urban areas, as actions of adaptation to the phenomenon of the water supply deficit. This study suggests the use of rainwater harvesting system as an alternative option that has never been documented in any research. Rainwater harvesting system is considered as a source of raw water supply that is easiest to be obtained and more economical if compare with the conventional way. In this context, the effect of several micro-topography factors in terms of the physical quality, chemical, microbiological, presence of EDC progesterone hormone, influence of air quality (coarse and fine particulates), ozone and meteorological factors on the performance of the rainwater harvesting system has been conducted. A total of 511 samples were used during the entire research process, which involved the gravity fed water resources and the treated water resources, then were analyzed using membrane filtration techniques (ELE Paqualab 50), ICP-OES, Hach method and HPLC system to ensure the system compatibility for domestic use and also as a source of drinking water. Overall, the results showed that all the rain water quality parameters that have been analyzed have complied the WHO and Malaysian Drinking Water Quality standards except for microbiological and chromium that is found to have exceeded the acceptable standard. It can be seen also 72% of lowland areas indicate lower water quality than the highlands, 28%. While through the PCA analysis, it is found that the microbiological, zinc and nitrate have contribute more than 50% of contamination to the system. The study also has found that rain water indicates better water quality than the other source of gravity fed water, with the following sequence; rainwater> gravity water from groundwater> hill water> gravity water from river> well water. In addition, the water supply from rainwater harvesting is also found to be clean and safe from steroid hormone progesterone contamination when compared with other sources of raw water. As for air quality monitoring, PM5.0, PM0.3, PM2.0 and ozone on rainwater harvesting system have complied the WHO (2000) and OSHA standards. For the impact of meteorological factors on air quality parameters, it is found that the air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed has a significant (p<0.05) effect as well as very strong influence on PM0.3. Chemical analysis on the capability of rainwater harvesting system to be applied in urban areas at laboratory scale has found that the water quality in urban areas recorded to have better quality if compared to rural areas, except for nitrate, sulfate, zinc, chromium and lead which were higher in urban areas. The study also found that the galvanized steel roof with 30 slope and a smoother surface texture, and type of plastic tanks (PVC) with a size of 60 m 3 are the most suitable to be applied in urban areas. For treatment using bone chars and silver foil in this study in removing heavy metals and microbiological parameter with pilot scale test, found that the bone chars and silver foil helps to remove heavy metals and reducing microbial in rainwater harvesting system. So this clearly shows the advantages that can be derived from the usage of rainwater harvesting systems, particularly their applications in urban areas.,Sarjana
Pages:	351
Call Number:	TD418 .C346 2015
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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