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Title: | Population genetics study of gonystylus bancanus (ramin melawis) using microsatellite markers |
Authors: | Nurul Farhanah Binti Zakaria (P48822) |
Supervisor: | Lee Soon Leong, Dr. (FRIM) |
Keywords: | Gonystylus bancanus Mikrosatelit Thymelaeaceae Ramin Dissertations Academic- Malaysia |
Issue Date: | 24-Jul-2014 |
Description: | Gonystylus bancanus (Thymelaeaceae), locally know as ramin melawis, is a valuable timber species native to the peat swamp forests of Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia. The decline in peat swamp areas has caused this species to be vulnerable to extinction in the wild, and for that reason, conservation issues and strategies must be addressed in order to prevent irrevocable loss of this species in its natural habitat. Presently, very little is known about the biology of G. bancanus. Consequently, we do not know how to address specific conservation problems and how to set conservation strategies and priorities. This study was aimed at assessing the population genetics of G. bancanus to elucidate the genetic requirements for the species' existence and subsequently to develop its conservation strategy in Malaysia. A total of 17 natural populations of G. bancanus were collected from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah). Based on 17 Microsatellite loci, this study revealed high levels of genetic diversity and moderate levels of population differentiation of G. bancanus in Malaysia. The gene diversity (He) ranged from 0.495 (Raja Musa) to 0.818 (Sedilu) with a mean of 0.691, whereas the mean number of alleles per locus (Aa) ranged from 3.1 (Kedondong) to 13.9 (Naman). The high levels of genetic diversity observed for G. bancanus might be attributed to the species' life history and ecological traits, such as its longevity, its mixed-mating system, insufficient length of time for genetic diversity to decrease following a natural reduction in population size and isolation, and specific adaptation of its genetic system to a unique habitat and small population condition. The FST and RST values indicated that approximately 12% of the genetic diversity was partitioned among populations (FST = 0.119; RST = 0.120). In addition, a Mantel test to compare the matrices of genetic differentiation and geographical distances (r = 0.914, p < 0.05) showed that there was strong relationship between the populations. The strong isolation-by-distance in G. bancanus may imply limited gene flow due to inefficient pollen and seed dispersals. Accordingly, cluster analyses based on neighbour-joining trees on Chord distances, PCA and Bayesian approach defined the 17 populations into four geographical clusters, i.e. Cluster 1: Pekan, Nenasi, Resak, Kedondong and Air Hitam; Cluster 2: Sungai Karang and Raja Musa; Cluster 3: Sedilu, Lingga, Serapau-Lingga, Maludam, Manggut, Naman and Betong; and Cluster 4: Klias, Kayangeran and Loagan Bunut. These clusters corresponded to the populations' geographical origins and coincided with the topography of Malaysia where the mountains and ocean acted as geographical barriers to gene flow. Hence, the existence of natural dividers together with limited seed dispersal and pollen flow, and specific adaptation of genetic system to peat swamp habitat might be responsible for the differentiation and distribution of G. bancanus gene pools in Malaysia. Implications from the findings for the formulation of guidelines for in situ and ex situ conservation of G. bancanus in Malaysia are discussed.,Gonystylus bancanus (Thymelaeaceae), atau dikenali sebagai ramin melawis, merupakan spesis balak berharga yang berasal dari hutan paya gambut di Brunei, Malaysia dan Indonesia. Kawasan paya gambut yang semakin berkurangan telah menyebabkan spesis ini terdedah kepada ancaman kepupusan. Oleh itu, isu-isu dan strategi pemuliharaan perlulah ditangani untuk mengelakkan spesis ini daripada hilang selama-lamanya. Pada masa kini, pengetahuan tentang biologi G. bancanus amatlah sedikit. Oleh itu, tindakan menangani isu-isu pemuliharaan, merangka strategi dan memilih keutamaan dalam pemuliharaan tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai genetik populasi G. bancanus untuk mengetahui keperluan genetik demi kewujudan spesis ini dan seterusnya menbangunkan strategi pemuliharaan di Malaysia. Sebanyak 17 populasi semulajadi G. bancanus telah dipungut dari Semenanjung Malaysia dan Borneo (Sabah dan Sarawak). Berdasarkan 17 lokus mikrosatelit, didapati G. bancanus di Malaysia memiliki tahap kepelbagaian genetik yang tinggi manakala tahap pembezaan populasi adalah sederhana. Tahap kepelbagaian gen (He) berjulat dari 0.495 (Raja Musa) ke 0.818 (Sedilu) dengan purata 0.691, manakala min bilangan alel per locus (Aa) berjulat dari 3.1 (Kedondong) ke 13.9 (Naman). Tahap kepelbagaian genetik yang tinggi dalam G. bancanus mungkin disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri ekologi and sejarah hidup spesis tersebut, seperti jangka hayat yang panjang, sistem pembiakan-campur, tempoh masa yang tidak mencukupi untuk membenarkan kepelbagaian genetik berkurangan berikutan pengecilan saiz populasi secara semulajadi dan pemencilan, serta adaptasi spesifik oleh sistem genetik terhadap habitat unik dan keadaan populasi yang kecil. Nilai FST dan RST menunjukkan kira-kira 12% daripada kepelbagaian genetik telah dibahagikan antara populasi (FST = 0.119; RST = 0.120). Selain itu, ujian Mantel untuk membandingkan matriks perbezaan genetik dan jarak geografi (r = 0.914, p < 0.05) menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan kuat antara populasi. Pengasingan-oleh-jarak yang kuat ini boleh membayangkan aliran gen yang terhad akibat pendebungaan dan penyebaran benih yang tidak cekap. Begitu juga, analisis kelompok berdasarkan pokok cantum jiran (neighbour-joining), PCA dan pendekatan Bayesian mengasingkan 17 populasi tersebut kepada empat kelompok geografi, iaitu Kelompok 1: Pekan, Nenasi, Resak, Kedondong dan Air Hitam; Kelompok 2: Sungai Karang dan Raja Musa; Kelompok 3: Sedilu, Lingga, Serapau-Lingga, Maludam, Manggut, Naman dan Betong; dan Kelompok 4: Klias, Kayangeran dan Loagan Bunut. Pengasingan ini adalah sejajar dengan geografi asal populasi dan berpadanan dengan topografi Malaysia dimana gunung-ganang dan lautan bertindak sebagai halangan geografi kepada aliran gen. Oleh itu, kewujudan pembahagi semulajadi bersama-sama dengan penyebaran benih dan aliran debunga yang terhad, serta adaptasi spesifik sistem genetik terhadap habitat paya gambut mungkin bertanggungjawab kepada perbezaan dan penyebaran takung gen G. bancanus di Malaysia. Implikasi hasil kajian ini untuk menggubal garis panduan pemuliharaan G. bancanus di Malaysia secara in situ dan ex situ telah dibincangkan.,Master |
Pages: | 129 |
Call Number: | QK495.T48N847 2014 tesis |
Publisher: | UKM, Bangi |
Appears in Collections: | Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi |
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