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Title:	Quantitative analysis of high free fatty acid crude palm oil, optimization of oleic acid purification and synthesis of palm oleic acid based polyester
Authors:	Murad Awadh Salem Bahadi (P73998)
Supervisor:	Jumat Salimon, Prof Dr.
Keywords:	Oleic acid -- Synthesis Fatty acids -- Synthesis Palm oil Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia -- Dissertations Dissertations, Academic -- Malaysia
Issue Date:	7-Mar-2017
Description:	Quantitative analysis of high free fatty acid crude palm oil, optimization of oleic acid purification and synthesis of palm oleic acid based polyester were carried out. The free fatty acids (FFAs) were isolated from HFFA-CPO by using molecular distillation. The distillation conditions were set-up with feeder flow rate of 2.3 g/min, wipers speed of 350 rpm and pressure at 10 torr. The distillation was repeated by different evaporator temperature ranging from 150 °C to 265 °C. The results showed that after the distillation, the distilled CPO (CPOAS) has lower acid value; reduced from 21±0.1 to 2.1±0.1 mg NaOH/g, increased iodine value from 50.6±0.2 to 53.5±0.2 mg KOH/g, reduced hydroxyl value from 55.2±0.2 to 26.8±0.2 mg KOH/g and lower FFA content from 9.4±0.1 % to 0.9±0.1 % respectively. Gas chromatography (GC) results showed that the CPO comprised of 39.8% of oleic acid. The separation of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) from palm fatty acids mixture (PFAM) was carried out by using lowtemperature solvent crystallization. The results showed that non-crystallized fraction (liquid) comprised of 95±0.1 % of USFAs at optimum conditions of methanol-to-fatty acids ratio of 15:1 (mL:g), crystallization temperature of -15 °C and crystallization time of 20.8 h respectively. The separation of oleic acid from USFAs was carried out using the urea complex fractionation (UCF) method. The results showed that high content of oleic acid (87±0.9 %) in UC fraction with 86.3±0.5 % yield at optimum conditions of urea-to-UFAs ratio of 4.62:1 (w/w), crystallization temperature -10 °C and crystallization time of 24 h. The epoxidation of oleic acid showed that the relative conversion of oxirane oxygen (RCO) 97.4 % with 85.3 % yield. The FTIR spectra of epoxide oleic acid (EOA) clearly showed the peaks of C=O (carboxylic acid) group at 1701 cm-1 and the peak of oxirane oxygen at 845 cm-1. The 1H NMR analysis showed that the proton chemical shift of appeared at 2.93 ppm and13C NMR showed the carbon chemical shift of appeared at 54.30-57.40 ppm for EOA. The palm oleic acid based polyester was prepared from EOA as monomer through the polycondensation polymerization at 120 °C with different polymerization times (6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h) respectively. The synthesized palm oleic acid based polyester showed about 97 % yield. The FTIR spectra showed the peaks of C=O and C-O of ester carbonyl group appeared at 1735 cm-1 and 1244 cm-1 respectively. The 1H NMR showed the proton ester group -COO-CH- an appeared at 4.7 ppm while the 13C NMR showed C=O ester appeared at 173.79 ppm respectively. The molecular weights of polyester were between 1963 g/mol to 5501 g/mol and having a glass transition temperature of -19 °C. The thermal degradations of the polyester occurred at temperatures higher than 328 °C. The synthesized palm oleic acid based polyester may be used as precursor to plastic industry.,“Certification of Masters/Doctoral Thesis” is not available,Master of Science
Pages:	166
Call Number:	TP247.2.B337 2017 tesis
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Science and Technology / Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

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