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Title:	Microwave-assisted synthesis of amides and imidazole derivatives for anti-microbial activities
Authors:	Hazim Saad Jabbar Al-Maliki (P94782)
Supervisor:	Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak, Dr.
Keywords:	Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia -- Dissertations Dissertations, Academic -- Malaysia
Issue Date:	30-Jun-2020
Description:	Due to the essential role of chemical derivatives in the medicinal, a new method of synthesis have been developed in this work to synthesize a series of imidazole derivatives and amides compounds using conventional (reflux) technology method as well as microwave-assisted to compare the feasibility, reaction time and yield of the product. The reaction was performed using carboxylic acids with the multiple amines. In the microwave-assisted method the results obtained at short time (1-4 min) with higher yield (73.8-93%) compared with conventional (reflux) method was a long time (2 - 6 hours) with a low return (61.7-88%). The first series of compounds were synthesized through condensation of mono saturated fatty acid namely Palmitic acid with 1,4-Diaminobutane (DAB) in the presence of calcium oxide as a catalyst for the formation of Hexadecanoicamide,N-(2-aminobutane). On the other hand, the same fatty acid was used with another amine type namely ethylenediamine (EDA) for the production of imidazole derivative was 2-Pentadecyl-1H-imidazole. While the second series were derivatives of Oleic acid unsaturated newly synthesized N-(Butan-2- ylideneamino) octadecanamide and 2-[(8E)-8-Heptadecen-1-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1Himidazoline. The third series of compounds were synthesized from Benzoic acid for the formation imidazole's and amides aromatic of N-(4-aminobutyl) benzamide and 2- phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole. The fourth series of compounds were synthesized from long-chain saturated di-carboxylic fatty acid namely Azelaic acid for the formation of imidazoles and amides aliphatic of 4-Amino-N-[9-(4-aminobutanoylamino) nonyl] butanamide and 2-[7-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)heptyl]-1H-imidazole. Finally the fifth series represent to short-chain saturated di-carboxylic fatty acid namely Oxalic acid for the formation of imidazoles and amides aliphatic of N,N'-bis(4- aminobutyl) ethanediamide and 1H,1'H-2,2'-biimidazole. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using several instrumentation techniques such as, fourier transformation infrared red and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra, melting point, thin layer chromatography and Energy Dispersive X-rays Spectroscopy for determination of organic functional groups, compound structure and elemental analysis, respectively. From the analysis, it was confirmed that both conventional and microwave method were successfully producing imidazole derivatives and amides, but the method of a microwave-assisted in obtaining high productivity, purity and better quality than the traditional method. From antimicrobial studies, different type of amidazole and amide derivatices showed functional groups which exhibited antimicrobial activities manifested as growth inhibition on Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria . All experiments were performed in duplicate and the results obtained were compared to the standard antibiotic for antibacterial. In vitro antimicrobial tests observed many of the components formulated used microwaves that show strong inhibitory action about 22 mm in concentration 200 mg/mL, but components formulated used conventional reflux method showed low activity compared with ciprofloxacin (Cip 10µg), Levofloxine (LEV-5µg), and Gentamicin (CN 10µg) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella. The newly synthesized carboxylic acids- based compounds can provide a new generation of antibiotic since the bacteria has developed an adaptation toward the standard antibiotics; therefore an alternative new antibiotic become necessary to overcome this problem.,Master of Science
Pages:	288
Publisher:	UKM, Bangi
Appears in Collections:	Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment / Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina

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