https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/388892 2026-08-24T02:31:50Z https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/784415 Title: Regional policy coordination: possible future directions Authors: Manuel Gaspay Abstract: There are at least three imperatives for the regional policy coordination of environmental protection and regulation programs of individual ASEAN states. One comes from the increasing importance of problems related to the management of regional environmental "commons". The depletion of commonly exploited stocks and pollution of the East Asian Seas is leading to unmistakable economic and welfare losses of individual states sharing this resource. With the increasing degradation of these commonly utilized regional resources, the need to coordinate individual state approaches to the use and management of these resources become increasingly recognized. Increased degradation can only be addressed by more restrictions in individual access and utilization. Increased degradation also means that the resource is getting scarcier which, coupled with the need for more restrictions, can lead to conflict and inconsistency of individual state actions. https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/784414 Title: Example of European in the environmental Authors: Roland Salchow Abstract: 60% of the global population live in coastal zones, and two-thirds of the world's large cities are near estuaries. Urbanization brings pollution. The pressures on the coastal zones, are under-mining the vital resources. Natural habitats are lost through reclamation for urban and industrial development, agriculture and mariculture. To prevent the destruction of mangroves some people want to stop expansive shrimp aquaculture developments unless ecologically sound and socially equitable. https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/784413 Title: APEC approach Authors: Ahmad Badri Mohamad Abstract: APEC, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a forum established as the principal inter-governmental vehicle for economic co-operation in the Asia-Pacific region. From the time it was established in 1989, the APEC forum focuses on promoting trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation, as well as economic and technical co- operation. https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/784412 Title: The Asean approach to regional environmental management Authors: Apichai Sunchindah Abstract: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration by the five original Member Countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined the Association on 8 January 1984. Vietnam became the seventh member of ASEAN on 28 July 1995. Laos and Myanmar was admitted into ASEAN on 23 July 1997. The Bangkok Declaration united the ASEAN Member Countries in a joint effort to promote economic cooperation and the welfare of the people in the region. The Declaration sets out guidelines for ASEAN's activities and defined the aims of the organization. The ASEAN nations came together with three main objectives in mind: to promote the economic, social and cultural development of the region through cooperative programmes; to safeguard the political and economic stability of the region against big power rivalry; and to serve as a forum for the resolution of intra-regional differences.