https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/388893 2026-04-21T15:39:51Z 2026-04-21T15:39:51Z Ippei Yamazawa https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/783039 2026-04-15T03:09:36Z

Title: Japanese policies toward small and medium enterprises and its implications for the industrial development in ASEAN Authors: Ippei Yamazawa Abstract: Rapid development of ASEAN industries and increasing role of samll and medium enterprises (SMEs) SMEs in the Japanese economy Definition of SMEs : a company capitalised at ¥100 million or less, or of 300 or less employees in mining, manufacturing, transportation, and construction industries a company capitalized at ¥10 million or less, or of 50 or less employees in retail or service business sector 99.1% of total 6.54 million business establishments 79.2% of the total 56.8 million work force 51.8 % of the total amount of manufatured products shipped MITI's SME policies: concept and MITI's position Contribute to the economy through unique flexibility and creativity but handicapped with insufficient information, financial capability and access to technological development Encourage and assist their self-help efforts to modernize their equipments, improve technology, rationalize management, and so on Small and Medium Enterprise Basic Law (1963) Small and Medium Enterprise Modernization Promotion Law (1963) Menu of SME policies (p.5 of the SME Agency, Outline) Major policy instruments financial assisttance preferential tax treatment consulting and guidance program promotion of small and medium subcontractors Implications for the industrial development in ASEAN

Toru Sunada Michiko Kiji Mokoto Chigira https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/783038 2026-04-15T03:07:19Z

Title: Japanese direct investment in East Asia: changing division of labor and technology transfer in the household electric appliance industry Authors: Toru Sunada; Michiko Kiji; Mokoto Chigira Abstract: Postwar overseas direct investment by Japanese businesses started in the 1960s. Since the appreciation of the yen in 1985, this investment has rapidly been increasing, mainly in the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) and ASEAN countries in East Asia. As a result, the ratio of direct investment to the production activities of Japanese firms has become very high. Direct investment is part of manufacturers' production activities overseas to make profit; it is not a mere transfer of capital to other countries, but involves transferring the technology and knowhow needed for production. The technology and knowhow transferred overseas due to direct investment are changing with the changing international environment and industrial structure, and this changing pattern of technology transfer is affecting both Japan and the host countries. This study deals with the household electric appliance industry which has been positive toward direct investment in East Asia since 1985. It will analyze the transfer of technology and knowhow by Japanese manufacturers through direct investment and the effects of such technology transfer on Japan and the host countries. Many studies have been conducted on Japan's direct investment in East Asia. Kojima [1985, 1989] analyzed from a macroeconomic standpoint what sort of impact Japanese direct investment has had on the industry, trade structure, etc. of Japan and the host countries. Sekiguchi and Tran [1986] studied the relationship between direct investment and technology and knowhow, but their study did not analyze the transfer of technology and knowhow through "linkage effects" (described later). Thus, this study will attempt to analyze the linkage effects of technology and knowhow transfer following direct investment. The linkage is important because even if the amount of direct investment was the same, the effects of investment on the economic development of the host country differ greatly depending on the linkage effect.

Katsuo Seiki https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/783037 2026-04-15T03:05:04Z

Title: Prospects for the future of the East Asian economy Authors: Katsuo Seiki Abstract: The future of East Asia is attracting considerable attention today. Since 1960, and particularly in the 1980s, the economy of East Asia has achieved remarkable growth at a much faster rate than that of any other region in the world. It is now considered a center of the world's economic growth. Viewed in this light, whether the economy of this region can continue growing over the coming years is literally a matter of global concern. Needless to say, interest in this region is not confined to the economic arena. On the side of international politics, the region contains three of the four countries that were divided in the aftermath of World War II. (Of these, two nations are yet to be unified.)

Somkiat Osotsapa https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/783036 2026-04-15T02:59:42Z

Title: Beyond Indochina: Southwest China, a new economic region Authors: Somkiat Osotsapa Abstract: The Regionalization of China. has A drastic change in China's economic policy took place in 1979 when the country adopted a more liberal, open trade policy with an aim to accelerate its modernization. While much been talked about the regionalization of NAFTA, the European Economic Community (EEC). The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and SAARC, the regionalization program of the Chinese government has taken place with great success since. In addition to the Chinese government policy of openness, its regionalization program has been reinforced by a network of Chinese ethnic connection in Asia i.e. China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao, Malaysia, and to a much smaller extent, Thailand.